1.Espresso意式浓缩咖啡

 

　　浓缩咖啡(Espresso)或意式浓缩咖啡，是一种口感强烈的咖啡类型，方法是以极热但非沸腾的热水，借由高压冲过研磨成很细的咖啡粉末来冲出咖啡。它发明及发展于意大利，年代始于20世纪初，但直到1940年代中期以前，它是种单独透过蒸气压力制作出的饮品。在发明弹簧瓣杠杆(spring piston lever)咖啡机，并成功商业化，将浓缩咖啡转型成为今日所知的饮品。制作过程用到的压力常为9到10个大气压力或巴的压力。

　　Espresso is a concentrated beverage brewed by forcing a small amount of nearly boiling water under pressure through finely ground coffee beans. Espresso often has a thicker consistency than coffee brewed by other methods, a higher concentration of suspended and dissolved solids, and crema(meaning cream, but being a reference to the foam with a creamy texture that forms as a result of the pressure). As a result of the pressurized brewing process the flavours and chemicals in a typical cup of coffee are very concentrated. Espresso is the base for other drinks, such as a latte,cappuccino, macchiato, mocha, or americano. Espresso has more caffeine per unit volume than most beverages, but the usual serving size is smaller—a typical 60 mL (2 US fluid ounce) of espresso has 80 to 150 mg of caffeine, less than the 95 to 200 mg of a standard 240 mL (8 US fluid ounces) cup of drip-brewed coffee.