1. Based on accounts of various ancient writers, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an

　　all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as

　　Bona Dea, "the good goddess."

　　(A) Based on accounts of various ancient writers

　　(B) Basing it on various ancient writers' accounts

　　(C) With accounts of various ancient writers used for a basis

　　(D) By the accounts of various ancient writers they used

　　(E) Using accounts of various ancient writers

　　2. Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way

　　108

　　as they do to established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.

　　(A) Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same

　　way as they do to established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.

　　(B) Because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to

　　equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses.

　　(C) Because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, new small businesses are not subject to the

　　same applicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity as established big

　　businesses.

　　(D) Because new small businesses are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and

　　the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to them in the same way as to established big businesses.

　　(E) New small businesses are not subject to the applicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt

　　to equity in the same way as established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in

　　equilibrium.

　　3. State officials report that soaring rates of liability insurance have risen to force cutbacks in the operations

　　of everything from local governments and school districts to day-care centers and recreational facilities.

　　(A) rates of liability insurance have risen to force

　　(B) rates of liability insurance are a force for

　　(C) rates for liability insurance are forcing

　　(D) rises in liability insurance rates are forcing

　　(E) liability insurance rates have risen to force

　　4. Paleontologists believe that fragments of a primate jawbone unearthed in Burma and estimated at 40 to

　　4 million years old provide evidence of a crucial step along the evolutionary path that led to human

　　beings.

　　(A) at 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of

　　(B) as being 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of

　　(C) that it is 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of what was

　　(D) to be 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of

　　(E) as 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of what was

　　5. In his research paper, Dr. Frosh, medical director of the Payne Whitney Clinic, distinguishes mood swings.

　　which may be violent without their being grounded in mental disease, from genuine manic-depressive

　　psychosis.

　　(A) mood swings, which may be violent without their being grounded in mental disease, from genuine manic-depressive psychosis

　　(B) mood swings, perhaps violent without being grounded in mental disease, and genuine manic-depressive psychosis ,

　　(C) between mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in mental disease, and genuine manic-depressive psychosis

　　(D) between mood swings, perhaps violent without being grounded in mental disease, from genuine manic-depressive psychosis

　　(E) genuine manic-depressive psychosis and mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in mental disease

　　6. Unlike a typical automobile loan, which requires a fifteen- to twenty-percent down payment, the lease-loan 109 buyer is not required to make an initial deposit on the new vehicle.

　　(A) the lease-loan buyer is not required to make

　　(B) with lease-loan buying there is no requirement of

　　(C) lease-loan buyers are not required to make

　　(D) for the lease-loan buyer there is no requirement of

　　(E) a lease-loan does not require the buyer to make

　　7. Native American burial sites dating back 5,000 years indicate that the residents of Maine at that time were

　　part of a widespread culture of Algonquian-speaking people.

　　(A) were part of a widespread culture of Algonquian-speaking people

　　(B) had been part of a widespread culture of people who were Algonquian-speaking

　　(C) were people who were part of a widespread culture that was Algonquian-speaking

　　(D) had been people who were part of a widespread culture that was Algonquian-speaking

　　(E) were a people which had been part of a widespread, Algonquian-speaking culture

　　8. Each of Hemingway's wives--Hadley Richardson. Pauline Pfeiffer. Martha Gelhom. and Mary Welsh --were

　　strong and interesting women, very different from the often pallid women who populate his novels.

　　(A) Each of Hemingway's wives--Hadley Richardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gelhom, and Mary

　　Welsh--were strong and interesting women,

　　(B) Hadley Richardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gelhorn, and Mary Welsh--each of them Hemingway's

　　wives--were strong and, interesting women,

　　(C) Hemingway's wives--Hadley Richardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gelhom, and Mary Welsh--were all

　　strong and interesting women,

　　(D) Strong and interesting women—Hadley Richardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gelhom, and Mary

　　Welsh--each a wife of Hemingway, was

　　(E) Strong and interesting women—Hadley Richardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gelhom, and Mary

　　Welsh--every one of Hemingway's wives were

　　9. In addition to having more protein -than wheat does, the protein in rice is higher quality than that in wheat,

　　with more of the amino acids essential to the human diet.

　　(A) the protein in rice is higher quality than that in

　　(B) rice has protein of higher quality than that in

　　(C) the protein in rice is higher in quality than it is in

　　(D) rice protein is higher in quality than it is in

　　(E) rice has a protein higher in quality than

　　10. An array of tax incentives has led to a boom in the construction of new office buildings; so abundant has

　　capital been for commercial real estate that investors regularly scour the country for areas in which to build.

　　(A) so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that

　　(B) capital has been so abundant for commercial real estate, so that

　　(C) the abundance of capital for commercial real estate has been such,

　　(D) such has the abundance of capital been for commercial real estate that

　　(E) such has been an abundance of capital for commercial real estate,

　　Answer to Question 1

　　In choice A, the introductory clause beginning Based on modifies scholars, the noun that immediately follows it:

　　in other words, A says that scholars were based on the accounts of various ancient writers. Choice B is

　　awkward and imprecise in that the referent for the pronoun it is not immediately clear. C and D are also wordy

　　and awkward, and in D By the accounts... they used is an unidiomatic and roundabout way of saying that

　　scholars used me accounts. E, the best choice, is clear and concise; it correctly uses a present participle (or

　　"-ing" verb) to introduce the modifier describing how the scholars worked.

　　Answer to Question 2

　　In A, the they after because is ambiguous; it seems illogically to refer to Formulas because they and Formulas

　　158

　　are each the grammatical subject of a clause and because the previous they refers to Formulas. In A and B, do

　　not apply to... in the same way as they do to is wordy and awkward. D, the best choice, says more concisely

　　in the same way as to. Also in B, because they refers to formulas, the introductory clause states confusedly

　　that the formulas are growing. In C and E, subject to the [same] applicability of... is wordy, awkward, and

　　imprecise; furthermore, are is preferable either before or after established big businesses to complete the

　　comparison. Finally, the referent of they is not immediately clear in E.

　　Answer to Question 3

　　In choices A and B, rates of is incorrect; when rates means "prices charged," it should be followed by for. Also

　　in B, are a force for does not accurately convey the meaning that the soaring rates are actually forcing cutbacks

　　in the present. In A and E, it is redundant to say that soaring rates have risen. Similarly, the word rises makes D

　　redundant. C, the best choice, is idiomatic and concise, and it correctly uses the progressive verb form are

　　forcing to indicate an ongoing situation.

　　Answer to Question 4

　　D, the best choice, correctly follows estimated with to be. The other choices present structures that are not

　　idiomatic when used in conjunction with estimated. Choices B, C, and E all mismatch the singular verb

　　provides with its plural subject, fragments, and in choices C and E, what was is unnecessary and wordy. In

　　choice C, the use of the verb phrase estimated that it is produces an ungrammatical sentence.

　　Answer to Question 5

　　The best choice is C because it uses the idiomatically correct expression distinguishes between x and y and

　　because it provides a structure in which the relative clause beginning which may be violent clearly modifies

　　mood swings. The other choices use distinguishes in unidiomatic constructions. Additionally, their in A is

　　intrusive and unnecessary, and the modifier of mood swings in B and D (perhaps violent) is awkward and less

　　clear than the more developed clause which may be violent.

　　Answer to Question 6

　　Choice E, the best answer, correctly uses a parallel construction to draw a logical comparison: Unlike a typical

　　automobile loan,... a lease-loan.... Choice A illogically compares an automobile loan, an inanimate thing, with

　　a lease-loan buyer, a person. In choice C, buyers makes the comparison inconsistent in number as well as

　　illogical. Choices B and D are syntactically and logically flawed because each attempts to compare the noun

　　loan and a prepositional phrase: with lease-loan buying in B and/or the lease-loan buyer in D. Choices B and

　　D are also imprecise and awkward. Finally, choice E is the only option that supplies an active verb form, does

　　not require, to parallel requires.

　　Answer to Question 7

　　Choice A is best because it correctly uses the simple past tense, the residents... at that time were, and

　　because it is the most concise. In B and D, the replacement of were with the past perfect had been needlessly

　　changes the original meaning by suggesting that the Native Americans had previously ceased to be part of the

　　widespread culture. All of the choices but A are wordy, and in C, D, and E the word people redundantly

　　describes the residents rather than the larger group to which the residents belonged. These choices are also

　　imprecise because they state that the culture, rather than people, spoke the Algonquian language. Choice E

　　displays inconsistent tenses and an error of pronoun reference, people which.

　　Answer to Question 8

　　Each choice but C contains errors of agreement. In both A and E, the singular subject (each in A, every one in E)

　　does not agree with the plural verb were, while in D, the plural subject women is mismatched with the singular

　　verb was. In B, the subject and verb agree, but the descriptive phrase placed between them creates an illogical

　　statement because each cannot be wives; each can be one of the wives, or a wife. The pronoun constructions

　　in A, B, D, and E are wordy; also, B, D, and E are very awkwardly structured and do not convey the point about

　　Hemingway's wives clearly. Choice C correctly links wives with were, eliminates the unnecessary pronouns,

　　and provides a clearer structure.

　　Answer to Question 9

　　In this sentence, the initial clause modifies the nearest noun, identifying it as the thing being compared with

　　wheat. By making protein the noun modified, choices A, C, and D illogically compare wheat with protein and

　　claim that the protein in rice has more protein than wheat does. In C and D, the comparative structure higher in

　　quality than it is in wheat absurdly suggests that rice protein contains wheat. B, the best choice, logically

　　compares wheat to rice by placing the noun rice immediately after the initial clause. B also uses that to refer to

　　protein in making the comparison between the proteins of rice and wheat. Choice E needs either that in or

　　does after wheat to make a complete and logical comparison.

　　Answer to Question 10

　　Choice A is best. The construction so abundant has capital been... that correctly and clearly expresses the

　　relationship between the abundance and the investors' response. In choice B, the repetition of so is illogical and unidiomatic. Choices C, D, and E alter somewhat the intended meaning of the sentence; because of its position in these statements, such functions to mean "of a kind" rather than to intensify abundant. Choice D awkwardly

　　separates has and been, and the omission of that from C and E makes those choices ungrammatical.