1. Under a provision of the Constitution that was never applied. Congress has been required to call a convention

　　for considering possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do it by the legislatures

　　of two-thirds of the states.

　　(A) was never applied, Congress has been required to call a convention for considering possible

　　amendments to the document when formally asked to do it

　　(B) was never applied, there has been a requirement that Congress call a convention for consideration of

　　possible amendments to the document when asked to do it formally

　　(C) was never applied, whereby Congress is required to call a convention for considering possible

　　amendments to the document when asked to do it formally

　　(D) has never been applied, whereby Congress is required to call a convention to consider possible

　　amendments to the document when formally asked to do so

　　(E) has never been applied. Congress is required to call a convention to consider possible amendments to

　　the document when formally asked to do so

　　2. The current administration, being worried over some foreign trade barriers being removed and our exports

　　failing to increase as a result of deep cuts in the value of the dollar, has formed a group to study ways to

　　sharpen our competitiveness.

　　(A) being worried over some foreign trade barriers being removed and our exports failing

　　(B) worrying over some foreign trade barriers being removed, also over the failure of our exports

　　(C) worried about the removal of some foreign trade barriers and the failure of our exports

　　(D) in that they were worried about the removal of some foreign trade barriers and also about the failure of

　　our exports

　　(E) because of its worry concerning the removal of some foreign trade barriers, also concerning the failure

　　of our exports

　　3. In the minds of many people living in England, before Australia was Australia, it was the antipodes, the

　　opposite pole to civilization, an obscure and unimaginable place that was considered the end of the world.

　　(A) before Australia was Australia, it was the antipodes

　　(B) before there was Australia, it was the antipodes

　　(C) it was the antipodes that was Australia

　　(D) Australia was what was the antipodes

　　(E) Australia was what had been known as the antipodes

　　4. Using a Doppler ultrasound device, fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy.

　　(A) Using a Doppler ultrasound device, fetal heart-beats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy.

　　(B) Fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy, using a Doppler ultrasound device.

　　(C) Detecting fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy, a physician can use a Doppler ultrasound

　　device.

　　(D) By the twelfth week of pregnancy, fetal heartbeats can be detected using a Doppler ultrasound device

　　by a physician.

　　(E) Using a Doppler ultrasound device, a physician can detect fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of

　　pregnancy.

　　5. Delighted by the reported earnings for the first quarter of the fiscal year, it was decided by the

　　company manager to give her staff a raise.

　　(A) it was decided by the company manager to give her staff a raise

　　(B) the decision of the company manager was to give her staff a raise

　　(C) the company manager decided to give her staff a raise

　　(D) the staff was given a raise by the company manager

　　(E) a raise was given to the staff by the company manager

　　6. A study commissioned by the Department of Agriculture showed that if calves exercise and associated with

　　other calves, they will require less medication and gain weight quicker than do those raised in confinement.

　　(A) associated with other calves, they will require less medication and gain weight quicker than do

　　(B) associated with other calves, they require less medication and gain weight quicker than

　　(C) associate with other calves, they required less medication and will gain weight quicker than do

　　(D) associate with other calves, they have required less medication and will gain weight more quickly than do

　　(E) associate with other calves, they require less medication and gain weight more quickly than

　　7. Displays of the aurora borealis, or "northern lights," can heat the atmosphere over the arctic enough to

　　affect the trajectories of ballistic missiles, induce electric currents that can cause blackouts in some areas

　　and corrosion in north-south pipelines.

　　(A) to affect the trajectories of ballistic missiles, induce

　　(B) that the trajectories of ballistic missiles are affected, induce

　　(C) that it affects the trajectories of ballistic missiles, induces

　　(D) that the trajectories of ballistic missiles are affected and induces

　　(E) to affect the trajectories of ballistic missiles and induce

　　8. The golden crab of the Gulf of Mexico has not been fished commercially in great numbers, primarily onaccount of living at great depths-- 2,500 to 3,000 feet down.

　　(A) on account of living

　　(B) on account of their living

　　(C) because it lives

　　(D) because of living

　　(E) being they live

　　9. The cameras of the Voyager II spacecraft detected six small, previously unseen moons circling Uranus,which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting the distant planet

　　(A) which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting

　　(B) doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known to orbit

　　(C) which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known in orbit around

　　(D) doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting

　　(E) which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known that orbit

　　10. As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision, it would be rated

　　about 20/500. or legally blind if it were an adult with such vision.

　　(A) As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision, it would be

　　rated about 20/500, or legally blind if it were an adult with such vision.

　　(B) A baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated

　　about 20/500, or legally blind as an adult

　　(C) As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb, its rudimentary sense of vision would be rated

　　about 20/500; qualifying it to be legally blind if an adult

　　(D) A baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated

　　about 20/500; an adult with such vision would be deemed legally blind.

　　(E) As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb, its rudimentary sense of vision, which would

　　deemed legally blind for an adult, would be rated about 20/500.

　　Answer to Question 41

　　Choices A, B, C, and D contain tense errors (the use of was never applied with has been required in A, for

　　example), unidiomatic expressions (call... for considering), and uses of a pronoun (it) with no noun referent.

　　By introducing the subordinating conjunction whereby, C and D produce sentence fragments. Only E, the best choice, corrects all of these problems. The predicate has never been applied refers to a span of time, from the writing of the Constitution to the present, rather than to a past event (as was does), and the phrase is required indicates that the provision still applies. The phrase call... to consider is idiomatic, and to do so can substitute grammatically for it.Answer to Question 42

　　Choice C is best because its phrasing is parallel and concise. A, D, and E begin with unnecessarily wordy

　　phrases. Choice C also uses the idiomatic expression worried about rather than worried over (as in A) or

　　worrying over (as in B); worried about is preferable when describing a condition rather than an action.

　　Whereas C uses compact and parallel noun phrases such as the removal... and the failure ... , the other

　　choices employ phrases that are wordy, awkward, or nonparallel. D is also flawed in that the plural pronoun they does not agree with the singular noun administration.

　　Answer to Question 43

　　Choice A is best, for A alone makes clear that the land now known as Australia was considered the antipodes

　　before it was developed. In B, it has no logical referent, because the previous clause describes a time when

　　there was no Australia. Nor does it have a referent in C: substituting Australia for it produces a nonsensical

　　statement. D is wordy, with the unnecessary what was, and imprecise in suggesting that Australia was

　　considered the antipodes after it became Australia. E similarly distorts the original meaning, and the past perfect

　　had been is inconsistent with the past tense used to establish a time frame for the rest of the sentence.

　　Answer to Question 44

　　Choice A presents a dangling modifier. The phrase beginning the sentence has no noun that it can logically

　　modify and hence cannot fit anywhere in the sentence and make sense. Coming first, it modifies heartbeats, the nearest free noun in the main clause; that is, choice A says that the heartbeats are using the Doppler ultrasound device. Choice B contains the same main clause and dangling modifier, now at the end. Contrary to intent, thewording in choice C suggests that physicians can use a Doppler ultrasound device after they detect fetal heartbeats. In choice D the phrase using ... device should follow physician, the noun it modifies. Choice E is best.

　　Answer to Question 1

　　Grammatically, the participial phrase beginning delighted must modify the subject of the main clause. Because

　　it is the manager who was delighted, choice C, in which the company manager appears as the subject, is the

　　best answer. Choices A, B, D, and E create illogical statements by using it, the decision, the staff, and a raise,

　　respectively, as the sentence subject. Use of the passive voice in A, D, and E produces unnecessary wordiness,

　　as does the construction the decision of the company manager was to in B.

　　Answer to Question 2

　　Choice E, the best answer, uses the adverbial phrase more quickly than to modify the verb phrase gain weight.In A, B, and C, quicker than is incorrect because an adjective should not be used to modify a verb phrase. E is also the only choice with consistent verb tenses. The first verb in the clauses introduced by showed that is exercise. A and B incorrectly compound that present tense verb with a past tense verb, associated. C and D correctly use associate, but C follows with the past tense required and D with the present perfect have required. Both C and D incorrectly conclude with the future tense will gain.

　　Answer to Question 3

　　The use of the phrasing can heat... enough to affect in A and E is more idiomatic than the use of the subordinate clause beginning with that in B, C, and D. Also, B produces an illogical and ungrammatical statement by making induce parallel with the verb heat rather than with the appropriate form of the verb affect;C lacks agreement in using the singular pronoun it to refer to the  plural noun displays; and D is faulty becauseinduces cannot fit grammatically with any noun in the sentence. Choice A incorrectly separates the two

　　infinitives to affect and [to] induce with a comma when it should compound them with and, as does E, the best

　　choice.

　　Answer to Question 4

　　As used in choices A, B, and D, the phrases on account of and because of are unidiomatic; because, which

　　appears in C and E, is preferable here since because can introduce a complete subordinate clause explaining

　　the reason why the golden crab has not been fished extensively. B and E also produce agreement errors by

　　using the plural pronouns their and they to refer to the singular noun crab. Choice D, like A, fails to provide a

　　noun or pronoun to perform the action of living, but even with its the phrases would be more awkward and less

　　clear than it lives. C, which uses because and it as the singular subject of a clause, is the best choice.

　　Answer to Question5

　　The pronoun which should be used to refer to a previously mentioned noun, not to the idea expressed in an entire clause. In A, C, and E, which seems to refer to a vague concept involving the detection of moons, but there is no specific noun, such as detection, to which it can refer. Also in E, the use of the phrasing the number... now known that

　　orbit is ungrammatical and unclear. B and D use the correct participial form, doubling, to modify the preceding

　　clause, but D, like A, uses known as orbiting rather than known to orbit, a phrase that is more idiomatic in context. B,

　　therefore, is the best answer.

　　Answer to Question 6

　　In choice A, it, the subject of the main clause, seems to refer to baby, the subject of the subordinate clause; thus, A

　　seems to state that the newbom baby, rather than its sense of vision, would be rated 20/500. Similarly, choices B and

　　A, B, and D illogically suggest that the palace and temple clusters were architects and stonemasons. For themodification to be logical. Architects and stonemasons must immediately precede the Maya, the noun phrase it is meant to modify. A, B, and D also use the passive verb form were built, which produces unnecessary awkwardness and wordiness. E is awkwardly phrased and produces a sentence fragment, because the appositive noun phrase Architects and stonemasons cannot serve as the subject of were the Maya. C, the best answer, places the Maya immediately after its modifier and uses the active verb form built.