一、连接词

　　1. 含义：

　　主要考察连词的句内关系和副词的句间关系。

　　2. 类型：

　　(1)副词的句间关系：同义关系

　　①因果关系

　　1) 原因：result from, for this reason, for these reasons, to illustrate

　　2) 结果：therefore, hence, thus, as a result, consequently, thereby, result in, as a consequence, overall

　　②递进关系

　　1) furthermore, as a matter of fact, in fact, moreover, indeed, further, especially, accurately, at that time, in that process, interestingly, particularly=in particular

　　③并列关系

　　1) also, on a similar note另一个案例，on top of 另外

　　④例证关系

　　1) for example, for instance, in this case, likewise, by the same token, in the same manner

　　3. 用法

　　(1)句间关系副词：同义关系

　　由于句间关系词将上下句连接起来，在同义关系中，重点看前后句的逻辑关系。

　　1)因果：上句一般是原因，下句一般是结果;

　　2)递进：上下句描述一件事，下句是对上句的详细描述;

　　3)并列：上下句是同类型的并列的两件事;

　　4)例证：下句是一件新的，并且与上句类似的事。

　　例如1：可汗57篇32页第7题

　　If a petroleum engineer is able to contribute to an increase in this rate of just a fraction of a percentage, it can mean millions of additional barrels of oil; thus, the demand for the expertise of a petroleum engineer is understandable.

　　解析：上句说如果一位石油工程师能够贡献自己的一份力，那么这就意味着数百万桶石油，而下句说对于石油工程师的需求是可以理解的;上句说出了事情的起因，后面对于石油工程师的需求是结果。

　　真题检测

　　真题检测 1

　　(16-03NA Q3) Its ability to thrive out of the water as well as in it stems largely from certain physical adaptions that are generally not observed in other fish. In particular, bimodal respiration—the ability of acquiring oxygen using gills or through wet skin—sets mudskippers apart from their purely water-based counterparts.

　　A. NO CHANGE

　　B. Nevertheless,

　　C. Similarly,

　　D. By contrast,

　　解析：通过题中的in particular看出是副词的考点，根据“上下句描述一件事，下句是对上句的详细描述”的原则判断是递进关系。下句的bimodal respiration是对上句ability to thrive的详细描述;而nevertheless然而、similarly相似和by contrast与之相比这三项都不符合句意，所以选A。

　　注：16-03NA Q3指2016年03月北美的第3题，下同。

　　真题检测 2

　　(16-03NA Q3) Bimodal respiration makes it possible for mudskippers to live in areas subject to drastic changes in water level and chemical composition. Despite this, mudskippers thrive in intertidal regions that are marked by regular, cyclical changes in water levels, adjusting its respiration depending on how much water is available.

　　A. NO CHANGE

　　B. Overall,

　　C. As an additional benefit,

　　D. In fact,

　　解析：通过题中的despite this看出是副词的考点，根据“上下句描述一件事，下句是对上句的详细描述”的原则判断是递进关系。下句的thrive in intertidal regions是对上句可能在急剧变化的地区生存的详细描述;而despite尽管、overall全部和as an additional benefit作为额外的利益这三项都不符合句意，所以选D。

　　真题检测 3

　　(16-06NA Q19) Many students themselves are aware of the pitfalls associated with unpaid internships and, in some instances, are speaking out. Conversely, in 2013, a pair of students at New York University created a petition asking the school’s career center to remove advertisements for unpaid internships from its website.

　　A. NO CHANGE

　　B. However,

　　C. For example,

　　D. Moreover,

　　解析：通过题中的conversely看出是副词的考点，根据“下句是一件新的，并且与上句类似的事”的原则判断是例证关系。上句说到学生意识到了无偿实习的陷阱，下句举了纽约大学学生们请愿去撤销无偿陷阱的广告，是对上句的举例说明;而conversely相反、however然而和moreover并且这三项都不符合句意，所以选C。

　　真题检测 4

　　(16-06NA Q32) Because the needs of jazz composers and musicians differed from those of classical musicians, Zildjian worked with drummer Gene Krupa to adapt cymbals for a drum kit. For example, they designed some smaller cymbals, paired the downsize cymbals.

　　A. NO CHANGE

　　B. However,

　　C. Therefore,

　　D. Instead,

　　解析：通过题中的for example看出是副词的考点，根据“下句是一件新的，并且与上句类似的事”的原则判断是例证关系。上句说到由于爵士乐的作曲家和音乐家需求的不同，Z和GK开始将铙钹和鼓改编，下句说他们具体是怎么做的，所以是对上句的举例说明;而however然而、therefore因此和instead而是这三项都不符合句意，所以选A。

　　真题检测 5

　　(16-06NA Q42) The shift parallels a warming trend of daily maximum temperatures over the same period and has caused speculation as to whether peers will be heard on progressively earlier dates if global temperatures continue to rise. In a surprising twist, the writer of a March 2013 Washington Post article, referring wittily to scientists Priva Nanjappa’s experience of hearing spring peepers on 50-plus-degress days in December.

　　A. NO CHANGE

　　B. Despite all of this evidence,

　　C. On a similar note,

　　D. By contrast,

　　解析：通过题中的in a surprising twist看出是副词的考点，根据“上下句是同类型的并列的两件事”的原则判断是并列关系。上下句讲的都是关于spring peers的叫声提早了的事，所以是同类的事;而in a surprising twist出乎意料的是、despite all of this evidence尽管所有的这些证据和by contrast与之相比这三项都不符合句意，所以选C。