通常由where引导

stay where you are.

after you are finished with the book, put it where it was.

a driver should slow down where there are schools.

the tree of this kind grows favorably where it is wet.

考题

——，work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental from. (toefl 2000)

a. they occur where they are

b. occurring where

c. where they occur*

d. where do they occur

i have kept that portrait _____ i can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in london. (96-01 cet-4)

a. which

b. where*

c. whether

d. when

也可由wherever, anywhere, everywhere引导

wherever he happens to be, clint can make himself at home.

everywhere they appeared, there were ovations.

wherever there is water, air and earth, there is vegetation.

原因状语从句

because

表因果关系的语气最强，用来回答why的问句，所引出的原因往往是听话人所不知道或最感兴趣的。

you want to know why i am leaving? i am leaving because i’m fed up with the job and boss.

my friends dislike me because i’m handsome and successful.

在主句是否定的情况下，because从句的理解有两种情形。

i didn’t attend the meeting because he was present too.

可能有以下歧义：

因为当时也有他出席，所以我没有去参加这个会议。

我出席这次会议并不是因为有他参加。

i didn’t marry her because i lived her.

因为我爱她，所以我决定不跟她结婚。

我并不是因为爱她才和她结婚。

since

表示人们已知的事实，不须强调的原因，故常译成“既然……”，通常放在句首。

since monday is bob’s birthday, let’s throw him a party.

since everyone is here, let’s get started.

since you are free tonight, why not drop in and play chess with me?

考题

you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight. (99-06 cet-6)

a. for

b. since

c. before

d. while

as

as与 since用法差不多，所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显，或已为听话人所熟悉而不须用because加以强调。

she didn’t hear us come in as she was asleep.

i left a message as you weren’t there.

as monday is a national holiday, all government offices will be close.

i have to speak english with them, as the guys i live with don’t know any chinese.

for

对前面分句的内容加以解释或说明。

the days were short, for it was now december.

it rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.

比较：because it rained last night, the ground is wet this morning.

it must be morning, for the birds are singing.

pay attention to your enemies, for they are the first to discover your mistakes.

比较：

as, for引导的主从句，重要性相对平等；

because从句则显得比主句重要，强调原因；

since则从句次于主句，重在说明将要做什么事。

目的状语从句

从属连词有：so that, in order that或that等，从句中常含有情态动词。

they carved the words on the stone so that/in order that the future generation should/might remember what they had done.

we climbed high (so) that we might get a better view.

the teacher raised his voice in order that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

*联想省略后的不定式in order to do/so as to do（逻辑主语或相同）或in order for sb to do（逻辑主语不同时）。

all the key words in the article are printed in bold type so as to attract readers’ attention.

we climbed high in order to get a better view.

they carved the words on the stone in order for the future generation to remember what they had done.

the teacher raised his voice in order for the students in the back to hear more clearly.

考题

____ measure matter we must have units of weight, volume and length. (cet-4)

a. in order

b. in order to*

c. so as

d. so as to

*so as to不可用于句首。因为so本意为“如此”，只有先说了些什么，才谈得上“如此”“怎样”。

lest, for fear(that), in case: 以免、以防，深怕……

take an umbrella with you lest it should rain.

people evacuated the building for fear that the wall should collapse.

she cleans the window with great care lest she might break the window.

we had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face, for fear that there should be any misunderstanding.

结果状语从句

so…that, such…that, so (that), such that

a “john hancock” is a person’s signature. john hancock was the first person to sign the american “declaration of independence”. he signed it so large and bold that now we use his name to refer to anyone’s signature.

diplomats and crabs are creatures who move in such a way that it is impossible to tell whether they are coming or going.

such that相当于so + 形容词

his anger was such that he lost control of himself.

he anger was so explosive that he lost control of himself.

the weather is such that we can only stay in air-conditioned places.

the weather is so hot that we can only stay in air-conditioned places.

考题

the performance was such ____ the audience was deeply moved. (cet-4)

a. as

b. that*

c. so

d. so that

*省略式为so/such…as to, such as to

he was such a fool as to believe him.

he was so foolish as to believe him.

her voice was such as to make everyone stare.

so bad as to make everyone stare.

so loud as to make everyone stare.

考题

his story is _____ to arouse our sympathy.

a. such as*

b. so sad

c. too sad

d. so sad as

the windows are ____ small as not to admit much light at all. (cet-4)

a. very

b. as

c. too

d. so*

would you be _____ do me a favor, please? (cet-4)

a. so kind to

b. kind as to

c. as kind to

d. so kind as to*

so, such的区别

有不定冠词时，两者皆可用，用法不同

such a(an) + 形容词 + 单数可数名词

so + 形容词 + a(an) + 单数可数名词

so beautiful a flower

such a beautiful flower

so nice a day

such a nice day

无冠词时，只用such

such beautiful flowers, such nice days

*so beautiful flowers

such nice weather, such great patience

so great patience

但表数量的形容词前一般用so

so many flowers, so much patience, so much fun, so few cars, so little care

考题

although apples do not grow during the cold seasons, apple trees must have a such season in order to flourish. (toefl)

recently in the automobile industry, multinational companies have developed to the point where such few cars can be described as having been made entirely in one country. (toefl)

 考题

the police called off their research for the survivors of the air crash because of ___.

a. such bad weather*

b. so bad

c. such a bad weather

d. too bad a weather

such直接与名词相连, so直接与形容词相连。

such patience, such a fool, such a day, such weather

so stupid, so excited, so patient

邪说英语连载(七)：状语从句(下)

再次提请诸位：状语从句说起来是最简单的一类，主要是它往往是一个连接词加上一个完整的句子，这个连接词在句子中不作成分，意义也确定。整个从句往往跟主句分开，没有什么结构上的瓜葛。

但在某种程序上，状语从句又是最复杂的，那就是它的那个连接词。通常如果在状语从句上有什么问题，就是连接词没有搞清楚。说起原因，就认because, 说起条件，只记得if, 导致阴沟里翻船。所以务必全方位出击连接词，也就是状语从句的引导词，避免冤死在这类弱智从句上。

真正对大脑有点挑战性的，还在后头呢。

 条件状语从句

 　　连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.

　　if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。

 　 unless = if not.　

　 let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.

　 if you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.

 典型例题

you will be late ___ you leave immediately.　

a. unless　 b. until　 c. if　　d. or

　答案a。 句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 if you dong leave immediately, you will be late.　b、d句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 you leave immediately or you will be late.

 让步状语从句

 though, although

　注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用

　although it's raining, they are still working in the field.　

　虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。

　he is very old, but he still works very hard.　

　虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。

　though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.

　伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）

 典型例题

1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.　

a. when　b. however　 c. although　 d. unless

答案：c。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。

2)　as, though 引导的倒装句

　 as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。

　　child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.

　= though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.

注意： a.　句首名词不能带任何冠词。

　　　　b.　句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

　　 try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

　 = though he tries hard, he never seems…

　虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。

 3)　ever if, even though.　即使

　　we'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.

 4) whether…or-　 不管……都

　　 whether you believe it or not, it is true.

 5)　"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"

　　 no matter what happened, he would not mind.

　　 whatever happened, he would not mind.

　 替换：no matter what = whatever

　　　　 no matter who = whoever

　　　　 no matter when = whenever

　　　　 no matter where = wherever

　　　　 no matter which = whichever

　　　　 no matter how = however

　 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。

　（错）no matter what you say is of no use now.

　（对）whatever you say is of no use now.

　　　 你现在说什么也没用了。(whatever you say是主语从句)

　（错）prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,

　（对）prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.　囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。

 特殊从属连词

 所谓特殊从属连词，是指一些容易引起误解的从属连词。普通的从属连词如because, although, when, 因为功能单一，而且频繁出镜，一看即知它后面肯定跟着一个状语从句。另外有些从属连词却不然，乍一看，它不个正经的从属连词，因为它还本身更像某种其它词，如果不能确认它的真实身份，后面出现一个从句可能让人手忙脚乱，不知所从。其实它们是一群披着各种皮的狼。其中有名词之“皮”、副词之“皮”、分词之“皮”等，需要我们透过现象得其“狼”的本质。

辨别词类

1． 名词型从属连词。看起来只是一个名词，但可以引导从句，主要见于时间状语从句，如 the moment。

every time i listen to music i'll think of it.

he didn't tell me anything the last time i saw him.

he flinched each time she spoke to him.

the moment/instant i saw him i knew that there was no hope.

考题

you see the lightening ____ it happens, but you hear the thunder later. (97-01 cet-4)

a. the instant*

b. for an instant

c. on the instant

d. in an instant

2． 副词型从属连词，如directly等。

directly he uttered these words, there was a dead silence.

 3． 分词性从属连词，如supposing (that)等。

supposing (that) it rains, can we play the match indoors?

providing (that) there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

given that they're inexperienced, they've done a good job.

*少数几个词，不再如现在分词一样理解，留心即可。

 辨别从句类别

4． that型从属连词，如in that, now that等

now that we have decorated the house, we can move in.

privatization is thought to be beneficial in that it promotes competition.

*这些一些相对固定的组合，表示特定的逻辑关系，与名词从句和定语从句区分开来。

 考题

although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful ____ it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes and behaviors. (2000-01 cet-4)

a. by which

b. to which

c. in that*

d. so that

lhasa is unique ____ it is the highest city in china. (cet-4)

a. on that

b. so that

c. for that

d. in that

5． 疑问词及whether...or...

stay where you are!

corn flourished best where the ground is rich.

do it how you can.

wherever you go, whatever you do, i will be right here waiting for you.

*也要区别于名词从句和定语从句。名词从句功能相当于名词，故常为主语宾语等，在动词介词之后，定语从句在名词之后。状语从句作状语则一般不同。

 i am going whether it is raining or not.

i'll go, whether you come with me or stay at home.

*与名词从句分开。除了此处不作主语宾语，作状语往往与主句有逗号隔开或在句末，而且or not不能少。

 一词多能

6． 多功能从属连词，可引导状语从句，也可能是为其它功能，意义也有差异。如as, once, since等。

as

 作介词

they entered the building disguised as cleaner.

as her private secretary he has access to all her correspondence.

 作关系词

cyprus, as you know, is an island in the mediterranean.

 作从属连词

as he grew older he lost interest in everything except gardening.

as she's been ill perhaps she'll need some help.

much as i like you, i couldn't live with you.

 once

副词

she was once a true love of mine.

从属连词

once you have learned spanish, you will find italian easy.

 7． 比较句。（有些归为状语从句，老邪放在“特别句型”后讲）

 省略

 当从句的主语与主句的主语相同或为it，且从句谓语中含有be动词时，有时可将从句的主语和be动词省去。这种省略见于一些时间、地点、条件及让步状语从句中。

metals expand when (they are) heated and contract (they are) cooled.

when (he was) a student in the university, he read a lot.

while (he was) waiting, he took out a magazine to read.

a tiger can't be tamed unless (it is) caught very yound.

the kind of tree grows favorably where (it is) wet.

 考题

a tiger can't be tamed unless ____ very young. (toefl)

a. being caught

b. caught*

c. it being caught

d. it's being caught

 ____, dr. smith has long been a severe critic of the government's economic policies.

a. although not being an economist himself

b. although not an economist himself*

c. although not having been an economist himself

d. although being no an economist himself

a reagent is any chemical that reacts in a predictable way ____ with other chemicals. (toefl)

a. when mixed*

b. when is mixed

c. it mixed

d. when mixing

 a beam of light will not bend round corners unless _____ to do so with the help of a reflecting device.

a. made*

b. to be made

c. being made

d. having

as a general rule, snakes don't bite unless ____. (toefl)

a. offended*

b. are offended

c. they offended

d. offending

 *原则：从属连词后要么是完整的主语和谓语动词，要么主语和be动词同时省略。

  状语从句的倒装

 有些条件句有时可不用从属连词，而用倒装语序。

虚拟条件句

had i learned the new grammar, i would have done much better.

were i you, i would not do that.

as, though引导让步状语从句时

old as i am, i can still fight.

try as you may, you will never succeed.

fool as he looks, he always seems to make the wisest proposals.

exhausted though she was, there was no hope of her being able to sleep.

配对使用的从属连词

no sooner had i arrived home than it began to rain.

hardly/scarcely had i arrived home when it began to rain.

no sooner had we begun having dinner than the doorbell rang.