限制性与非限制性定语从句区别

    一、在句中作用不同

    限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。

    非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去,主句的意义仍然完整。

    二、外在表现形式不同

    限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切,所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。

    例 1. Do you remember the girl who taught us English?

    你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗?

    例 2. Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time.

    钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。

    例 3. This is the place where he used to live.

    这就是他过去居住的地方。

    例 4. Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine.

    张先生昨天来看我,他是我的一位朋友。

    例 5. We walked down the village street, where they were having market day.

    我们沿着村里的大街向前走去,村民们正在那里赶集。

    析:在前三个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系密切,为限制性定语从句,不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在后两个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系不密切,为非限制性定语从句,可用逗号将其与主句隔开。

    三、先行词内容有所不同

    大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语,而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句,此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。

    例 1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.

    一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫,这令我十分恐惧。

    析:由语境可知,令“我”恐惧的内容应为“中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导定语从句。

    例 2. A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.

    一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语,这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。

    析:由语境可知,令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是“一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导非限制性定语从句。

    四、关系词的使用情况有所不同

    (一) that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句

    所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句,大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句,但 that 不可。

    例 1. 他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物,这使她非常高兴。

    误: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, that pleased her a lot.

    正: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot.

    例 2. 他没通过这次考试,令我很失望。

    误: He didn't pass the exam, that disappointed me.

    正: He didn't pass the exam, which disappointed me.

    值得注意的是,不少同学误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句,这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时,如果先行词指人,则用 who , which 或 whose 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时,可用 when , where 引导非限制性定语从句。

    例 1. We'll graduate in July, when we will be free.

    我们将于七月份毕业,到那时我们就自由了。

    例 2. Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held.

    他们上周日到达南京,有个会议要在那里举行。

    (二)关系代词替代情况不同

    关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom ,但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。

    例 1. This is the girl whom I met in the street.

    这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。

    析:先行词 the girl 在限制性定语从句中作宾语,可用 who 代替 whom .

    例 2. A young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to impress.

    一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友,他想给她留下深刻的印象。

    析:先行词 a new girl friend 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,不可用 who 代替 whom .

    在限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时可用 that 代替 who/ whom ,但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时,不可用 that 代替 who/whom .

    例:她有一个姐姐,她是教师。

    误: She has a sister, that is a teacher.

    正: She has a sister, who is teacher.

    (三)关系代词省略情况不同

    关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去,非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。

    例 1. This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.

    这就是他昨天丢的那本书。

    析:先行词 the book 在限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词 which 或 that 可以省略。

    例 2. The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.

    他昨天丢了这本书,但现在已找到了。

    析:先行词 the book 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词 which 不可省。

    [实战演练]

    1. She heard a terrible noise, _________ brought her heart into her mouth.

    A. it B. which C. this D. that

    2. Have you ever been to Xi'an, _________ I left ten years ago.

    A. which B. whose C. that D. /

    3. The weather turned out to be very good, _________ was more than we could expect.

    A. what B. which C. that D. it

    4. His English, ________ used to be very poor is now excellent.

    A. which B. that C. it D . whom

    5. Some of the roads were flooded, __________ makes o 

    ur journey more difficult.

    A. that B. it C. which D. who

    6. I'll find a nice girl, _________ I want to marry.

    A. who B. whom C. that D. which

    7. I'll come at ten, ________ I'll be free.

    A. which B. that C. when D. what

    8. She has two brothers, _________ are teachers.

    A. who B. that C. whom D. /

    9. Which answer is NOT true?

    This is the factory ________ I visited yesterday.

    A. that B. which C. / D. where

    10. I still remember the days _________ I spent in Beijing.

    A. when B. what C. that D. during

    Key:

    1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C

    6. B 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. C