阅读量:
前辈们“死”在沙滩上总结出来的托福写作扣分的“黑名单”,不要再因为这些扣分咯。
拼写、构词 拼写、构词法错误
NO.2 词汇 词序、词类错误、词汇使用不当、词汇缺省、冗余、重复、歧义现象
NO.3 句法 串句、断句、悬浮分词、错误并列、从属关系错误、结构缺陷、标点错误
NO.4 动词 时态、语态、情态及语气误用、主谓不一致、及物不及物误用、限定非限定动词误用等
NO.5 名词 可数不可数误用、主谓不一致、固定搭配错误、冠词和数量词误用
NO.6 搭配 名词+名词、动词+名词、名词+动词、形容词+名词、动词+副词、副词+形容词搭配错误
NO.7 代词 指称错误、主谓不一致、先行词it错误、不定代词错误
NO.8 介词 介词固定搭配错误
上表可见,位列TOP3的最显著的问题表现为单词拼写、词汇及句法错误。当然这一语言失误排序是大多数考生写作中常见错误的平均统计,每个考生在实际写作中的错误频率及种类都各有差异。建议同学们可以根据上表审视自己的样文,给自己作文中的语言失误对号入座,制作自己的语言失误排行榜,分析自己作文中最常犯错误,在备考中有针对性地加以解决。iBT写作主要从以下三个方面来评估考生作文的质量:即评估考生如何展开论点,组织文章结构,以及运用语言表达自己的观点。要想得高分,作文必须体现“语言运用的和谐流畅”,作文的句子应错落有致,措辞应贴切得体。值得注意的是,作文中出现一些小的词汇和语法错误仍然能得高分。但是,频繁的拼写错误、大量用词不当、语法错误及过多简单句式会导致作文意思令人费解,给考官留有负面的印象,最终影响写作得分。ETS认为,使用非常简单的句子结构和非常基本的词汇就不可能表达比较复杂的观点。因此如果考生写出的作文语言晦涩难懂、句子简单、词汇量有限,那么无论观点多么令人印象深刻,分数也不会超过3分。
下面以同学写作中的言语失误实例加以说明:
1. 词汇失误
Example 1: Reading can increase my words, rich my knowledge and enlarge my eyesight。
这是考生在描述读书的好处,其优点在于在句子结构方面尽力打造排比结构。然而,词汇失误严重影响句子理解和整体效果。“读书可增大词汇量,增长知识,开阔眼界。”本句中词汇失误频繁出现,如:increase,words,rich ;enlarge my eyesight令人费解。建议可做如下修改:
Revised: Reading can enlarge my vocabulary, enrich my knowledge and broaden my horizons。
Example 2: Sometimes I play with friends from my school。
此句是典型的Chinglish,在中文中,可以说“和朋友玩”,但是不可对应为英文的“play with friends”,其意思是把朋友当成了玩具。play 用作不及物动词时,常接介词 with,表示“玩;玩耍”。例如:
The little boy is playing with a yoyo。
Don't play with fire. It is very dangerous。
用词不当
学生们写的作文里或多或少都会有一些用词不当的问题,但是要注意的是一些最最基本的错误是不能犯的。
• In the show, if participators answer twenty problems that the host mentioned correctly, they will get five hundreds thousand U.S. dollars as a prize.
——problems应改为questions
这里的拼写错误不是指在考试时候的误打,而是本身对词汇拼写记忆的错误。
• In conclusion, issue of whether parents are the best teachers is a complex one, requiring subjective judgement, consequently, there are no easy or certain answers.
——judgement应改为judgment
2.句子层面的常见失误
考生在语法方面的错误主要表现为“主谓不一致、可数名词单复数错误、时态错误、限定动词和非限定动词错误”等,这里就不一一赘述了。此外,还有一些句子层面的常见问题值得我们关注,现列举如下:
1. Run-on Sentences (串句)
串句是不用连词和标点而把两个(或以上)独立的句子串在一起的错误表达。有些串句是不用任何标点间隔两个甚至更多的句子;有些串句是在该用句号时滥用逗号,忽略了英语语言中的逗号本身没有连接句子的功能这一原则。
例如:
Rita decided to stop smoking she didn’t want to die of lung cancer。
The exam was postponed the class was canceled as well。
★修改原则
First of all, children can earn money from their jobs, although there isn’t too much, but they will keep their salary gingerliness.
这里的gingerliness根本是不知所云。该句子还有以下问题:
1)该作文题目是讲学生是否应该做兼职,因此children的出现就显得很莫名其妙;
2)although和but是不能连用的;
3)指代不明,they不知道是指代前面的什么;
4.表达中式
The second argument-it might have been noticed by others-is that in some occasion, it is quite difficult to compare parents to teachers because parents are a kind of people, teachers are a kind of vocation.
句子中划线部分的表达过于中式化。
A。把原句分成两个独立的句子。
Rita decided to stop smoking. She didn’t want to die of lung cancer。
The exam was postponed. The class was canceled as well。
B。用并列连词连接两个句子。
Rita decided to stop smoking, for she didn’t want to die of lung cancer。
The exam was postponed, and the class was canceled as well。
C。用分号连接两个句子。
Rita decided to stop smoking; she didn’t want to die of lung cancer。
The exam was postponed; the class was canceled as well。
2. Fragmentary sentences (破句)
破句是把不完整的句子当作独立的子句来写作时发生的错误。常见错误包括:从属连词引起的破句,ing分词和不定式结构引起的错误,增添细节引起的破句和缺少主语的破句。
例如:
After I arrived in Chicago by bus. I checked into a room. Then I went to a diner to get something to eat。
★修改原则:改正从属连词引起的破句时,可以把该从句附属于其前或其后某个子句上。也可以去掉破句中的连词。
I arrived in Chicago by bus and found a place to stay. Then I went to a diner to get something to eat。
当然,对于其它形式的破句,可以根据不同情况给予改正。如,改正-ing结构引起的破句时,可以把它附属在其前或其后的某个句子上,可以添加主语,把-ing形式改变成谓语动词,把being形式改成作谓语的be动词(is, are, was, were, am );改正不定式结构引起的破句时,可以把它附属于前句上;改正添加细节引起的破句时,可以把它附属在前面一个表达完整思想的句子上;可以给破句加上主语和动词使它成为一个独立子句;可以尽可能改变词序,辅以增减词,使破句成为前句的组成部分;改正缺少主语的破句时,可以把它附属于前句上,也可以给破句添加主语(通常是指代前句主语的代词形式)。
3. Faulty Parallelism(错误的平行结构)
两个(或以上)意思并列的成份(包括单词、词组、从句和句子)在写作时要用同等的语法形式表达,否则就破坏了其平行结构。
例如:
Many people choose air transportation because it is fast, offers convenience, and it is not very expensive。
★修改原则
使句子中意思并列的成份在结构上并行的关键是用同等的语法形式表达这些成份。修改平行结构错误时,关键要找到平行点(单词、词组、从句或句子),然后删去引起不平行的多余成份或添加所缺成份。
Many people choose air transportation because it is fast, convenient, and inexpensive。
4. Misplaced Modifiers (修饰语错置)
修饰语可以是单词、词组或从句。修饰语位置不当,就无法清楚表达作者的原意,可能引发句子的歧义现象。
Misplaced: The old man walked into the lamp post going to the optician. (Who has bad eyesight, the old man or the lamp post?)
★修改原则
A。避免修饰语错置的关键是使修饰语尽可能靠近被修饰语。
B。副词短语和时间、地点、方式等状语从句可以万无一失地置于句首。
C。把那些很难安排位置的修饰语置于句首。
D。避免因为一个修饰语和句子中多个成份之间存在潜在的修饰关系而引发歧义现象。
Corrected: While going to the optician, the old man bumped into the lamp post。
Going to the optician, the old man bumped into the lamp post.
5. Dangling modifiers (悬垂修饰语)
悬垂修饰错误是句子中短语(包括介词短语、分词短语、动名词短语、不定式结构)或省略句(无主句或主谓省略句。]缺少修饰对象造成的。
Dangling: Going through a red light, the traffic police on duty stopped him。
★修改原则
They shocked their friends, devastated their families, crushed their best friends.
前面已经提到了朋友,后面又提到朋友。
• The show is so compelling but attractive.
•compelling和attractive是同义词,所以这里这么写就让人不明白。
A。明确动作的实施者,使悬垂成份所修饰的对象成为主句主语。
B。将悬垂修饰语扩展成从句。
Revised: While he was going through a red light, the traffic police on duty stopped him。
Going through a red light, he was stopped by the traffic police on duty。
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