阅读量:
托福写作中经常会需要举例来让论述更加详实,更加具备说服力。如何做到支持理由的充分扩展呢?在评分标准的说明中,我们可以清晰地看到 using appropriate and sufficient exemplifications 是做到扩展充分的有力手段。并且在独立写作的题目中,也都明确提出: Provide specific reasons and example to support your essay. 在这些要求之下,如何在独立作文中将例证法用好就成为了将支持理由进行充分扩展的关键。
然而,因为中西教育的差别,中式的议论文中一般 要求学生从理论的层面展开,而不太重视实际例子在文章中的运用,这样就导致学生例子储备的缺乏以及对例子描述不到位的情况出现。因此,在独立写作中,很多考生认为只要写上 for example 之类的提示词,再简单 地写两个人名或者进行简单的介绍就算举好例子了,或者考前背几个典型例子就能应付各种题目。
而事实上,这样的例子考官要不就不知所云,要不就早已经看过无数次,怎么可能会给出高分呢?所以,例子一定要结合题目,结合论点,结合自身的经验来联想和编写。当然, 这里要强调,‘自身经验’总归是有限的,所以需要学会编造贴切的例子,学会描述逻辑真实的例子。 事例可以是很多种类,常见的有: 个人经历、名人事例、引用数据或研究、时事新闻。
这些例子如果恰如其分地进行使用,可以让文章更加有逻辑的同时,也可以让一部分不会使用其他论述方 式来充实文章的同学让写作变得更容易一些。个人经历是学生在托福写作中常常使用的例子类型,相对比较容易操作,也容易在较短时间内联想到相关例子。
1. 以下是托福写作中个人事例的几个原则:
A. 思考的例子和需要论述的论点(主题段落主题 句)密切相关,不要偏题。
B. 个人事例并没有深刻或肤浅之分,只要符合题 目要求以及论述过程贴切。
C. 例证并非记叙文,所以不需要事件整个过程和 细节都交代,需要有侧重点(也即能证明观点的故事核 心)。
D. 篇幅不一定,可以 1-2 句简单陈述一个事实, 也可以 3-5 句详细叙述一个例子。
E. 例子的描述过程中,或者例子结束时需要适当 说明例子蕴含的道理。
2. 个人事例的大致展开方式(建议): 1-2 句概述事件的内容,让读者提前了解事件 2-3 句描述例子的侧重点,也就是能够说明道理的部分着重写细节 1 句话点名例子蕴含的道理。
2. Sample: Agree or disagree: It was easier to succeed in the past than it is today. Disagree:
论点 1:Dramatic social progresses have created more equal opportunities for different groups of people to achieve personal growth and success.
个人事例:My own grandmother and my mother.
a. 事件概述: When my grandmother was a young woman, our society simply didn’t offer the kind of opportunities to women to pursue successes that my mother later fortunately enjoyed.
b. 侧重点: Women today, in particular, are provided many more great opportunities comparing with their counterparts half a century ago. So, my mother was able to receive quality education and was expected to actually do something big with her life. She is a very accomplished doctor who works in a large hospital in our city. On the other hand, as talented as my grandmother was, she never gained the same opportunities to chase her dream. Women didn’t enjoy the equal rights as they do today and they were expected to become housewives despite their own ambitions or interests.
c. 点题 Many more people nowadays are enabled to accomplish their personal ambitions and decide their own fates thanks to the positive developments of our society.
4. 结束语: 生活常事意味着用自己或身边的人来举例,这一 类的事例具备很强的代表性,并且能在一定程度上唤 起考官的共鸣。托福考试仅仅是语言能力考试,只要 能用恰当的例子论述清楚问题就可以,因此用生活常事来举例对于考官来说也有很大的说服力。有的考生仍然会问,如果我身边真的没有发生这 么多事情怎么办?这个时候,考生们就要学会“编例 子”。但是“编例子”也要有技巧,也要让考官信服, 一定要尝试各种题目,勤加练习。
更多托福考试干货敬请关注新航道托福考试频道