在考研英语中,构成我们阅读理解障碍的最重要的一个因素就是长难句。而简单句,往往会被大家忽略。其实,要分析好长难句的结构,首先要就对简单句有非常清晰而深刻的认知,这样才能抽丝剥茧,找到句子的主干。长难句本来就是在简单句的基础上,加上了各种修饰,使句子表达变的更加丰富,也更加复杂。
今天我们主要讲解的简单句是主系表结构。
系动词主要有以下几种:
1. 状态系动词:即我们比较熟悉be动词。
2. 持续性动词:keep,stay,remain等,表示一种状况或者态度。
3. 表像系动词:表示看起来像,主要有look ,seem,appear等。
4. 感官动词:feel,smell ,taste,sound等
5. 变化系动词:become,grow,turn 等。
其实简单句也可以有着复杂的表达。接下来,我们来看下《哈姆雷特》里面的一个小片段。
What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god. The beauty of the world, the paragon of animals! And yet to me what is this quintessence of dust? Man delights not me- no, nor woman neither, though by your smiling you seem to say so
-----William Shakespeare
— Hamlet Act 2, scene 2, 275-285
翻译:人类是一件多么了不得的杰作!多么高贵的理性!多么伟大的力量!多么优美的仪表!多么文雅的举动!在行为上多么像一个天使!在智慧上多么像一个天神!宇宙的精华!万物的灵长!可是在我看来,这一个泥土塑成的生命算得了什么?人类不能使我发生兴趣;不,女人也不能使我发生兴趣,虽然从你现在的微笑之中,我可以看到你在这样想。
这段句子大量运用排比,句式工整,琅琅上口,表达了哈姆雷特对人类的赞叹。这段句子其实非常难以理解和翻译,但其实并没有用多复杂的句式,里面很多句子其实都是简单句。
What a piece of work is a man 这个句子看似疑问句,其实是感叹句,句子也是主系表的结构,表达人类是多么了不起的杰作。
And yet to me what is this quintessence of dust? 这个句子其实也是我们比较熟悉的主系表结构。To me 是介宾结构做状语。
相对来说,比较复杂的一个长难句就是下面这个句子了:
Man delights not me- no, nor woman neither, though by your smiling you seem to say so.
Nor woman neither 这个是插入语成分,同时也是倒装句。Though所引导的是让步状语从句,by your smiling 是方式状语,you seem to say so 也是主系表的结构。
BBC 纪录片人类宇宙-----《human universe》,主要探索宇宙中最神奇的物种----人类,教授Brian Cox 也出版了同名书籍,在human universe这本书的开头,有这么一段话,非常值得仔细品味。这段话就留给大家作为作业进行翻译和分析吧。
What is a human being? Objectively, nothing of consequence. Particles of dust in an infinite arena, present for an instant in eternity. Clumps of atoms in a universe with more galaxies than people. And yet a human being is necessary for the question itself to exist, and the presence of a question in the universe - any question - is the most wonderful thing. Questions require minds, and minds bring meaning. What is meaning? I don't know, except that the universe and every pointless speck inside it means something to me. I am astonished by the existence of a single atom, and find my civilization to be an outrageous imprint on reality. I don't understand it. Nobody does, but it makes me smile.
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